![]() ![]() Usually round or oval, depending on the angle of discharge.Distant range: firearm is at a distance (many feet) from the target so there will be only the gunshot wound of entrance due to the mechanical action of the bullet.Greater distance = larger area of stippling but its density will decrease.Hallmark is the presence of stippling (or powder tattooing) on the skin surrounding the entry wound ( Arch Pathol Lab Med 2006 130:1283).Intermediate range: distance between the firearm and the target increases but is still short enough to allow secondary effects of the discharge distance depends on firearm type (usually from a few centimeters up to several feet).Entrance wound may show soot deposition and burn / seared edges small amount of powder stippling can be present ( Forensic Sci Int 2003 138:68).Near contact wounds: firearm is not in contact with the target but is held a very short distance from it (usually Hard contact: gas expansion within the subcutaneous tissues may result in a muzzle imprint (abrasion resembling the shape of the muzzle = Werkgartner mark) or in an irregular, stellate appearance with a central defect and radiating lacerations (typically seen in gunshot wounds to the head) ( Arch Kriminol 2009 224:145).Loose contact: circular wound with blackened, seared skin margins.Contact wounds: firearm is in contact with the target at the time of discharge. ![]() ![]() Pseudostippling: punctate abrasion due to fragmented bullets or fragments of a damaged intermediate target interposed between the firearm and the target ( Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2003 24:243).Stippling (or powder tattooing): red to orange or brownish punctate abrasions surrounding the entrance wounds as a result of pieces of gunpowder expelled from the barrel and striking the skin can't be wiped out by cleaning the body.Soot deposition: due to the carbon produced by combustion of the gunpowder that exits the barrel and deposits on the skin surrounding the entrance wound can be wiped out by cleaning the body.Thermal effect: due to the gas and flame produced by the deflagration flames cause searing of the skin and regional hairs.Range of fire: determination by estimating the distance from the muzzle of the weapon to the target specific findings on the skin (secondary effects of the discharge) surrounding the entrance wound can help determine the range of fire.skull) ( Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2012 33:250) Atypical or irregular shape: indicates loss of stability of the bullet before hitting the target or hard contact gunshot wounds to the skin overlying bone (i.e.Oval shape: suggests an acute angle of fire with respect to the skin.Round (circular) shape: suggests a perpendicular discharge with respect to the skin.Smaller than bullet caliber (usually): due to the elastic recoil of the affected tissues.Inverted edges: due to the bullet movement inside the body.Greasy rim or bullet wipe is a dirt collar due to the lubricant carried on the bullet.Abrasion ring: a reddish brown abrasion on the skin surrounding the gunshot wound of entrance.Entrance wounds: point where the bullet enters the biological target. ![]()
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